UWB Antenna Positioning Principle

　　Ultra - Wideband (UWB) antenna positioning is a high - precision wireless positioning technology that operates based on the transmission and reception of short - duration electromagnetic pulses. Unlike traditional narrow - band wireless technologies, UWB utilizes a wide frequency band, typically ranging from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz, to transmit signals, enabling extremely accurate ranging and positioning capabilities.

　　The core principle of UWB antenna positioning relies on measuring the time - of - flight (ToF) of the UWB signals between multiple antennas. When a UWB - enabled device, such as a tag or a sensor, sends out UWB pulses, these pulses are received by multiple UWB base stations or anchors. By precisely measuring the time it takes for the signal to travel from the tag to each anchor, the distance between the tag and each anchor can be calculated using the formula: distance = speed of light × time - of - flight. Since the speed of light is a known constant, accurate time measurement is crucial for obtaining precise distance values.

　　To achieve high - precision time measurement, UWB systems employ techniques such as two - way ranging and multi - path mitigation. In two - way ranging, the tag and the anchor exchange UWB signals in both directions. By measuring the round - trip time of the signals and compensating for the processing delays at both ends, a more accurate one - way time - of - flight can be determined. Multi - path mitigation is also essential as UWB signals can bounce off objects in the environment, leading to multiple signal paths reaching the receiver. UWB antennas and signal processing algorithms are designed to distinguish the direct path signal from the reflected signals, ensuring that only the direct path time - of - flight is used for distance calculation.

　　Once the distances between the tag and multiple anchors are obtained, the position of the tag can be calculated using geometric algorithms. The most common method is trilateration, where the position of the tag is determined as the intersection point of three or more spheres centered at the anchors with radii equal to the measured distances. In a two - dimensional scenario, the principle is similar, using circles instead of spheres. Another approach is multilateration, which can use more than three anchors to improve the accuracy and robustness of the positioning system. By continuously measuring the distances and calculating the position, UWB antenna positioning can provide real - time, high - precision location information, with accuracies often reaching within a few centimeters.