What is the frequency of IoT antennas

　　IoT antennas operate across a wide range of frequencies depending on the communication protocol, regional regulations, and application requirements. Here’s a detailed breakdown of the key frequency bands and their use cases:

　　1. Sub-1 GHz Bands

　　These are widely used for long-range, low-power IoT applications due to their ability to penetrate obstacles and cover large areas with minimal power consumption.

　　863–870 MHz: Used in Europe for LoRaWAN and Sigfox support.sigfox.com.

　　902–928 MHz: Dominates in North America and Australia for LoRaWAN , Z-Wave (908–921 MHz) z-wave.me, and Sigfox support.sigfox.com.

　　433 MHz: Common in industrial settings and smart agriculture for proprietary protocols .

　　Other bands: 169 MHz (Europe), 315 MHz (North America), and 920–923 MHz (Japan/Korea) are used for specific regional deployments like LoRaWAN and Z-Wave .

　　2. 2.4 GHz ISM Band

　　This unlicensed band supports short-range, high-data-rate communication and is popular for dense IoT networks.

　　Wi-Fi: Operates at 2.4 GHz (802.11b/g/n) and 5 GHz (802.11a/n/ac/ax) .

　　Bluetooth/BLE: Uses 2.4 GHz with adaptive frequency hopping to avoid interference .

　　Zigbee/Thread: Both utilize 2.4 GHz for mesh networking in smart homes and industrial automation .

　　Proprietary protocols: Some industrial systems use 2.4 GHz for point-to-point links .

　　3. Cellular Bands

　　These are managed by mobile network operators (MNOs) for wide-area IoT connectivity.

　　NB-IoT/LTE-M:

　　700 MHz (Band 12/13/14): Deployed in the U.S. and parts of Europe .

　　800 MHz (Band 20): Common in Europe and Asia .

　　900 MHz (Band 8): Widely used globally for NB-IoT .

　　5G NR:

　　Sub-6 GHz: 700 MHz, 3.5 GHz, and 4.9 GHz bands are being allocated for IoT .

　　mmWave (e.g., 37–37.6 GHz): Newly opened by the FCC for IoT backhaul and high-speed applications .

　　4. Regional Variations

　　Regulatory bodies allocate frequencies differently, requiring IoT devices to comply with local standards:

　　Europe: Focuses on 868 MHz (LoRaWAN/Sigfox) and 900 MHz (NB-IoT) .

　　North America: Relies on 915 MHz (LoRaWAN) and 700/850 MHz (cellular IoT) .

　　Asia: Japan uses 920 MHz (LoRaWAN), China allocates 700 MHz (NB-IoT), and India prioritizes 865–867 MHz (Sigfox) support.sigfox.com.

　　South Korea: Employs 920–923 MHz (LoRaWAN) and 1800 MHz (NB-IoT) .

　　5. GPS/GNSS Frequencies

　　Many IoT devices integrate positioning capabilities:

　　GPS L1: 1575.42 MHz (used in standalone and combo antennas) .

　　Multi-GNSS: Antennas often support GLONASS (1602 MHz), Galileo (1575 MHz), and BeiDou (1561 MHz) .

　　6. Key Considerations

　　Multi-Band Antennas: Devices like Quectel’s IoT antennas support hybrid frequencies (e.g., 700–960 MHz for 5G and 2400–5850 MHz for Wi-Fi/BT) .

　　Regulatory Compliance: Antennas must meet regional standards (e.g., FCC in the U.S., ETSI in Europe) support.sigfox.com.

　　Antenna Design: Factors like polarization (e.g., RHCP for GPS) , gain, and form factor (embedded vs. external) influence performance.

　　7. Future Trends

　　Dynamic Frequency Allocation: Protocols like LTE-M and 5G NR are pushing for flexible spectrum use .

　　AI-Driven Optimization: Antennas with reconfigurable capabilities (e.g., varactor-tuned designs) can adapt to changing frequency conditions .