ISO 9001 5G Antenna

　　I. ISO 9001 Certified Quality Assurance System

　　ISO 9001-certified 5G antenna companies must establish a comprehensive quality control system, focusing on the following key aspects:

　　Raw Material Traceability

　　Suppliers of key substrates, including high-frequency and high-speed PCB substrates, RF chips, metal radiators (or FPC flexible radiators), and feed network components, are rigorously screened to ensure that their materials meet 5G high-frequency signal transmission standards. For antennas operating in the sub-6GHz and millimeter-wave frequency bands, batch testing is conducted on the substrate's dielectric constant stability (deviation ≤ ±0.02) and impedance consistency, with a 100% pass rate required to prevent signal attenuation or beam deviation due to material fluctuations.

　　Production Process Control

　　Production is coordinated using an ERP system. Core processes (such as precision soldering of the radiator array, feed network phase calibration, and beamforming parameter tuning) are performed by professional technicians according to specifications. Key workstations are equipped with high-frequency signal analyzers and three-dimensional positioning welding equipment to ensure antenna phase consistency. The production environment requires strict temperature and humidity control (18°C-22°C, 35%-55% humidity) to minimize environmental interference with signal transmission in high-frequency scenarios. Companies specializing in the automotive or base station sectors will also undergo additional industry-specific certification to meet performance stability requirements under extreme operating conditions.

　　Full Shipment Inspection Mechanism

　　Finished products must undergo 100% performance testing for standing wave ratio (SWR), gain, beamwidth, and third-order intermodulation products (IMD3). Random sampling is conducted before packaging. If the failure rate for key parameters (such as SWR exceeding the allowable range, beam offset >5°) exceeds 3%, or if the signal transmission bit error rate exceeds 10⁻⁶, the entire batch will be re-inspected.

　　II. 5G Antenna Core Technical Parameters and Standards

　　(I) Key Electrical Performance Indicators

　　The core electrical performance indicators of 5G antennas must comply with general standards in the 5G communications industry. Specifically, the operating frequency bands must cover mainstream 5G frequency bands, such as Sub-6 GHz (2.6 GHz, 3.5 GHz) and millimeter wave (26 GHz, 28 GHz). Multi-band compatible antennas must also support 4G/5G dual-mode switching. The standing wave ratio (VSWR) must be ≤ 1.3. Due to greater signal loss in high-frequency bands (millimeter wave), a VSWR of ≤ 1.2 is required in some scenarios. The lower the value, the higher the RF signal transmission efficiency. The gain varies significantly depending on the application scenario. Built-in consumer electronics antennas typically have a gain of 6-10 dBi, while base station antennas can reach 15-25 dBi. The beam width must be adapted to the application requirements. Base station antennas are often tunable (horizontally 30°-120°, vertically 120°). 5°-15°), supports beamforming; noise figure (NF) ≤ 1.2dB, low noise characteristics directly affect communication speed in weak signal environments; tracking sensitivity ≤ -170dBm; higher sensitivity ensures more stable signal reception in complex electromagnetic environments (such as densely populated urban buildings and industrial plants); input impedance is unified to 50Ω, compatible with mainstream 5G base station and terminal device interfaces.

　　(II) Mechanical Differences

　　5G antennas for different application scenarios exhibit significant differences in their mechanical properties. Consumer electronics built-in antennas are often made of flexible printed circuits (FPCs) or low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCCs), with an overall thickness of 2-5mm to accommodate the confined installation spaces of mobile phones, tablets, and AR/VR devices. Some ultra-thin models can be as thin as 1.5mm. Vehicle-mounted antennas are often constructed with heat-resistant ABS or aluminum alloy casings, supporting 3M adhesive or roof mounting. They must withstand vibrations of 15g (10Hz-2000Hz) to withstand the bumps and vibrations of driving. They typically have an IP6K9K protection rating, which protects against high temperatures (-40°C to +85°C), rain, and dust. Base station/outdoor antennas are constructed with high-strength aluminum alloy or fiberglass, with an IP67 or IP68 protection rating and an operating temperature range of -40°C to +85°C. 40°C to +85°C. Some macro base station antennas also require lightning protection and wind load resistance (≥45m/s) to cope with extreme outdoor weather.

　　III. Mainstream Product Types

　　5G antennas can be categorized into three typical product types based on their application scenarios: Consumer electronics built-in antennas, primarily used in smartphones, tablets, and AR/VR devices, require a balance between miniaturization and multi-band compatibility (primarily sub-6GHz), supporting Massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology to improve communication speeds and signal stability; automotive 5G antennas, suitable for vehicle-to-everything (V2X) and autonomous driving terminals, often integrate 5G+GNSS+V2X multi-mode functionality and must be heat- and vibration-resistant. Some models also meet automotive-grade electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards; base station/outdoor antennas, including macro and micro base station antennas. Macro base station antennas are often multi-port designs (such as 64T64R) and support beamforming and Massive MIMO. Micro base station antennas focus on miniaturization and flexible deployment. Both types must ensure long-distance transmission and precise coverage of high-frequency signals. Some high-precision models also feature real-time phase calibration.

　　IV. Key Selection Recommendations

　　Matching parameters by scenario: For consumer electronics, prioritize miniaturized antennas with a thickness of less than 5mm, multi-band coverage (full Sub-6GHz coverage), and MIMO support. For automotive applications, focus on vibration resistance (≥15g), protection rating (IP6K9K), and multi-mode integration to ensure stable communications under extreme vehicle conditions. For base station applications, verify beam adjustment range, gain (≥15dBi), and port count. Macro base stations prioritize high-port models that support Massive MIMO, while micro base stations prioritize deployment flexibility.

　　Verify certification validity: When selecting a product, confirm that the supplier's ISO 9001 certification is the 2015 version (the 2008 version is gradually expiring). For automotive applications, additional verification should be made for IATF 16949 automotive certification. For base station applications, prioritize products certified by TL 9000 for the communications industry quality management system to ensure industry compatibility.

　　Test verification: Samples should be requested for performance verification before bulk purchase, with a focus on testing third-order intermodulation products (IMD3≤-100dBc), beam consistency (offset≤3°) and high-temperature and high-humidity stability (continuous testing for 48 hours in an 85°C/85% RH environment); actual scenario testing needs to focus on communication throughput (Sub-6GHz scenario ≥1Gbps) and latency (≤10ms) to ensure that it meets the performance requirements of 5G applications.